Courageous Advocate of Universalism
Born in 1907, the son of William Dugald Barclay of Fort William, a Gaelic-speaking highlander, William spent most of his life in Bonnie Scotland. He was educated at Dalziel High School, Motherwell, “just an ordinary school – – Scottish education at its best.” In 1925 he went to Glasgow University, and left four years later with a first-class honours degree in Classics. Then in 1929 he entered Trinity College, Glasgow to begin the final stage of his training for the ministry. In 1933 he married Kate, the daughter of the minister of the parish of Dundonald in Ayrshire. “I cannot think what life would have been like without her.” Thence he set out on his career, as a Minister of the Gospel at Renfrew, and later in life became Professor of Divinity atGlasgow University.
Throughout his career he was asked to write books on a variety of spiritual subjects, because his greatest gift was to take high and mighty things and present them in print with simplicity and clarity for the ‘man in the street.’ Many of his fifty-plus books are still to be found in bookshops throughout the world, one of which ran to a million copies. One remembers all those paperbacks with titles beginning, “The Plain Man looks at . . . .” (Prayer, the Beatitudes, the Psalms etc.) One of the last books he wrote was his autobiography, first published in Britain by A. R. Mowbray & Co. Ltd, under the title “Testament of Faith,” 1975, but later published in the USA by William B. Eerdman’s, under the title “A Spiritual Autobiography.” I heartily recommend a reading of this book, which is a delightful cocktail of scholarship, personal recollection, wit, humour, and humility. The following quotation is taken from the latter edition, and comes from chapter 3, pages 58 – 61, on the subject of Universal Reconciliation.
“In one thing I would go beyond strict orthodoxy—I am a convinced Universalist. I believe that in the end all men will be gathered into the love of God. In the early days Origen was the great name connected with universalism. I would believe with Origen that universalism is no easy thing. Origen believed that after death there were many who would need prolonged instruction, the sternest discipline, even the severest punishment before they were fit for the presence of God. Origen did not eliminate hell; he believed that some people would have to go to heaven via hell. He believed that even at the end of the day there would be some on whom the scars remained. He did not believe in eternal punishment, but he did see the possibility of eternal penalty. And so the choice is whether we accept God’s offer and invitation willingly, or take the long and terrible way round through ages of purification.
Gregory of Nyssa offered three reasons why he believed in universalism. First, he believed in it because of the character of God. ‘Being good, God entertains pity for fallen man; being wise, he is not ignorant of the means for his recovery.’ Second, he believed in it because of the nature of evil. Evil must in the end be moved out of existence, ‘so that the absolutely non-existent should cease to be at all’. Evil is essentially negative and doomed to non-existence. Third, he believed in it because of the purpose of punishment. The purpose of punishment is always remedial. Its aim is ‘to get the good separated from the evil and to attract it into the communion of blessedness’. Punishment will hurt, but it is like the fire which separates the alloy from the gold; it is like the surgery which removes the diseased thing; it is like the cautery which burns out that which cannot be removed any other way.
But I want to set down, not the arguments of others, but the thoughts which have persuaded me personally of universal salvation.
First, there is the fact that there are things in the New Testament which more than justify this belief. Jesus said: ‘I, when I am lifted up from the earth, will draw all men to myself’ (John 12:32). Paul writes to the Romans: ‘God has consigned all men to disobedience that he may have mercy on all’ (Rom. 11:32). He writes to the Corinthians: ‘As in Adam all die, so also in Christ shall all be made alive’ (1 Cor. 15:22) and he looks to the final total triumph when God will be everything to everyone (1 Cor.15:28). In the First Letter to Timothy we read of God ‘who desires all men to be saved and to come to the knowledge of the truth’, and of Christ Jesus ‘who gave himself as a ransom for all’ (lTim.2:4-6). The New Testament itself is not in the least afraid of the word all.
Second, one of the key passages is Matthew 25.46 where it is said that the rejected go away to eternal punishment, and the righteous to eternal life. The Greek word for punishment is kolasis, which was not originally an ethical word at all. It originally meant the pruning of trees to make them grow better. I think it is true to say that in all Greek secular literature kolasis is never used of anything but remedial punishment. The word for eternal is aionios. It means more than everlasting, for Plato—who may have invented the word—plainly says that a thing may be everlasting and still not be aionios. The simplest way to put it is that aionios cannot be used properly of anyone but God; it is the word uniquely, as Plato saw it, of God. Eternal punishment is then literally that kind of remedial punishment which it befits God to give and which only God can give.
Third, I believe that is impossible to set limits to the grace of God. I believe that not only in this world, but in any other world there may be, the grace of God is still effective, still operative, still at work. I do not believe that the operation of the grace of God is limited to this world. I believe that the grace of God is as wide as the universe.
Fourth, I believe implicitly in the ultimate and complete triumph of God, the time when all things will be subject to him, and when God be everything to everyone (l Cor. 15:24-28). For me this has certain consequences. If one man remains outside the love of God at the end of time, it means that that one man has defeated the love of God—and that is impossible. Further, there is only one way in which we can think of the triumph of God. If God was no more than a King or Judge, then it would be possible to speak of his triumph, if his enemies were agonising in hell or were totally and completely obliterated and wiped out. But God is not only King and Judge, God is Father—he is indeed Father more than anything else. No father could be happy while there were members of his family for ever in agony. No father would count it a triumph to obliterate the disobedient members of his family. The only triumph a father can know is to have all his family back home. The only victory love can enjoy is the day when its offer of love is answered by the return of love. The only possible final triumph is a universe loved by and in love with God.
Two objections are commonly levelled against universalism. It is claimed that it takes the iron out of Christianity because it removes the threat. No longer can the sinner be dangled over the pit of hell. No longer can what Burns called ‘the hangman’s whip’ of the fear of hell be threateningly cracked over the sinner. But the kind of universalism in which I believe, has not simply obliterated hell and said that everything will be all right for everyone; it has stated grimly that, if you will have it so, you can go to heaven via hell. The threat is still there.
Further, it is claimed that universalism does away with free-will. Early on in his thought Origen has the astonishing picture of a universe in which the free-will always obtains and in which to the end of time a man can fall from heaven and rise from hell; but in the end he came to think in terms of a final decision. What is forgotten is that God has eternity to work in. It is not a question of God, as it were, rushing a man into heaven. It is a question of God using an eternity of persuasion and appeal until the hardest heart breaks down and the most stubborn sinner repents.”
